chemical-peel
发表于 2025-3-26 22:10:58
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Leaven
发表于 2025-3-27 02:41:07
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FAZE
发表于 2025-3-27 07:10:17
Signed Measuresition of a signed measure. We also state a version of the Radon-Nikodym theorem for signed measures, and, as an application, we prove an important theorem of functional analysis stating that the space .. is the topological dual of .. when . and . are conjugate exponents and . ∈ [1, .)
MOAT
发表于 2025-3-27 11:05:11
Change of Variablesfeomorphism. An important application is the formula of integration in polar coordinates in the plane, and its generalization in higher dimensions involving Lebesgue measure on the unit sphere of .. The latter measure will be instrumental in Chapter 14 when we study harmonic functions and their rela
搜集
发表于 2025-3-27 15:05:32
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6Applepolish
发表于 2025-3-27 19:47:19
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从属
发表于 2025-3-27 23:12:38
Convergence of Random Variables introduce and discuss the convergence in probability of a sequence of random variables. We prove the strong law of large numbers, which is one of the fundamental limit theorems of probability theory. The third section discusses the convergence in distribution of random variables. We provide a detai
Commentary
发表于 2025-3-28 04:32:35
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关心
发表于 2025-3-28 06:34:54
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IVORY
发表于 2025-3-28 13:19:32
Markov Chainsstates (states at which the process returns infinitely many times) and transient states. We also discuss invariant measures, which are related to the asymptotic frequency of visits of recurrent states. The last section is devoted to relations between Markov chains and martingales.