demote
发表于 2025-3-25 06:26:37
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哪有黄油
发表于 2025-3-25 10:34:20
Raising the Technological Level: The Scope for API, Excipients, and Biologicals Manufacture in Africin Africa — a hitherto nascent industry. It also discusses African drug development and manufacturing through the standardized use of ‘reverse pharmacology’ to bring new treatments for neglected diseases to the point of regulatory approvals. Currently there is very modest production of APIs on the A
CRAMP
发表于 2025-3-25 11:57:20
Health Systems as Industrial Policy: Building Collaborative Capabilities in the Tanzanian and Kenyancy for manufacturers of medicines and medical supplies is not new. In a European context, Thomas (1994) argued that post-1945 UK health care pricing and regulation policies drove a shift to global competitiveness in the locally based pharmaceutical industry, while French post-war health policy did n
Somber
发表于 2025-3-25 18:01:48
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有恶意
发表于 2025-3-25 22:40:26
Healthy Industries and Unhealthy Populations: Lessons from Indian Problem-Solvingy has had three defining policy environments running from 1950 to 2000, the last of which is arguably still ongoing. These three environments are distinct . environments, in which the range of market instruments used has been notable and the public gains to which they have been put have been notewor
散步
发表于 2025-3-26 02:25:32
Policies to Control Prices of Medicines: Does the South African Experience Have Lessons for Other Af. One of the key constraints is the high prices of medicines. In the private sector, wholesale and retail mark-ups have been found to range from 2% to 380% and from 10% to 552%, respectively (Cameron et al., 2011). A later study found wholesaler mark-ups between 25% and 50% (IMS Health, 2014a; 2014b
Robust
发表于 2025-3-26 08:03:11
Pharmaceutical Standards in Africa: The Road to Improvement and Their Role in Technological Capabili sector, regulators, technical experts, procurement agencies, health system actors and policy makers to mean different things. There is a dearth of systematic studies that address what standards are, their classification and the logic behind their set-up and operation, and this has contributed to a
排出
发表于 2025-3-26 10:49:05
Innovative Procurement for Health and Industrial Developmentpolitics and political economy of the two systems. A key tool for building and sustaining health-industry relationships, as Smita Srinivas observes above and as some Part I chapters also emphasized, is procurement. Yet procurement remains under-researched and over-simplified as a technical, linear,
处理
发表于 2025-3-26 16:15:07
Industry Associations and the Changing Politics of Making Medicines in South Africarently political. As such, the relational and political interactions between industry and government are key to shaping regulatory environments that either promote or constrain an industry’s ability to collectively learn, innovate and grow (Malerba, 2002). Often critical to the governing of these re
是剥皮
发表于 2025-3-26 20:01:40
Finance and Incentives to Support the Development of National Pharmaceutical Industries and improved public health. This final chapter begins by identifying the striking convergence of thought and initiative that has recently been generated across continental African representative bodies, international agencies and national governments. We outline this emergent consensus and then exa