割公牛膨胀
发表于 2025-3-25 04:00:13
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21986-4public economics; public finance; local governance; public policy; public administration; the world bank;
daredevil
发表于 2025-3-25 08:17:41
,Local Public Finance and Economics: Theory and the Practice—Introduction and Overview,. It then provides a synthesis of conceptual perspectives on local government and central-local relations. A comparative analysis of local government organization and finance is also presented. Contrasting experiences of local governance in industrial and developing countries are highlighted. Conclu
liposuction
发表于 2025-3-25 13:00:21
Expenditure and Revenue Assignment: Principles,be more aware of local preferences and conditions and more accountable to local residents than senior governments. Core and noncore responsibilities are distinguished (e.g., local streets versus schooling). Financing follows function. Financing follows the benefit criterion; that is, local residents
floaters
发表于 2025-3-25 16:29:16
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FAR
发表于 2025-3-25 23:00:45
Structural Design, consolidations, amalgamations, and reliance on voluntary arrangements including intermunicipal agreements and/or service boards to improve the overall efficiency of the municipal sector. Municipal amalgamations, consolidations, and restructuring generally occur in response to the rapid increase in
MOAT
发表于 2025-3-26 01:33:50
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概观
发表于 2025-3-26 08:01:39
Expenditures and Service Delivery: Social Services,ifically schooling, health care, and social protection programs—vary substantially across countries. That variation accounts for the considerable differences found in the magnitudes of their budgets and in local governments’ relative roles in the countries’ public sectors. This chapter examines the
STELL
发表于 2025-3-26 08:52:59
Provision and Finance of Infrastructure,. This increases the importance of their financing. Infrastructure funds may be drawn from a variety of internal sources including operating revenues (local taxes and user fees), earmarked taxes, reserves, special charges consisting of specific assessments, development charges, and other exactions m
Budget
发表于 2025-3-26 13:08:45
Local Taxation,iety of local taxes—mainly property, income, and sales taxes. International experience tells us that local governments are more efficient, responsible, accountable, and transparent when they raise the revenue that they spend. The best taxes are those based on benefits received with an immobile tax b
FLAIL
发表于 2025-3-26 19:35:15
Property Taxation: Principles,is property value, but in some countries it is based on area. Regardless, the success of any assessment system depends on a number of critical components—property identification; assessment uniformity; assessment responsibility and frequency; an effective appeals mechanism; and making use of ever-im