权宜之计
发表于 2025-3-25 04:36:23
Reaction and Revolution,ose recently decreed could not be effected without their advice and consent.1 Joseph ignored this remonstrance, and gave no heed to the similarly moderate, almost plaintive protests lodged by the Brabant estates a fortnight later, documenting specific contraventions of the . which the sovereign had sworn to uphold.2
STEER
发表于 2025-3-25 10:12:50
The End of a Dream, to intervene in his behalf in return for a pledge to reestablish all the traditional prerogatives of the church.1 Every overture appeared to have failed, and Joseph believed the Belgian provinces were irretrievably lost to the monarchy.2
享乐主义者
发表于 2025-3-25 12:05:26
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Cursory
发表于 2025-3-25 18:56:51
The Emperor, the Lowlands, and the Nations,ly happy state paying many taxes to which we owe our preponderant position in Europe. … The peoples of those provinces hold to their traditional prejudices — perhaps ridiculous; but since they are obedient and faithful and pay more taxes than our exhausted and discontented German provinces, what more can we ask of them?”1
BLINK
发表于 2025-3-25 22:20:01
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sperse
发表于 2025-3-26 01:27:38
,The Emperor’S Legacy,he Belgian episcopacy. Rome, he had insisted, should not dominate the church but should be subject to the restraints of monarchy and episcopacy as was the case in its early history. He had resisted promulgation of the bull . which condemned substantive portions of Pasquier Quesnel’s ., and had range
奖牌
发表于 2025-3-26 07:24:09
The Emperor: His Motivations, Character, and Intellectual Heritage, completely in his well-intentioned, if often overly zealous, endeavors to improve the lot of his subjects and to modernize and enhance the power and prestige of the monarchy. As a prince whose training and study had made him conversant with the French ., the “enlightened doctrines” of natural law,
Valves
发表于 2025-3-26 09:40:57
The Economic Reformer,ions abrogated, useless functionaries discharged, the fiscal system overhauled, the administration streamlined, natural resources conserved, industrial and agricultural production augmented, immigration encouraged, and all sources of revenue fully exploited. In a memorandum written shortly after his
boisterous
发表于 2025-3-26 15:28:46
The Religious Reformer,ially useful moral vehicle for the guidance of “all inhabitants for the good of the state,” even asserting that “the service of God … inseparable from that of the state.”2 He too declared his preference for the “inherited faith,” stating in a 1777 letter to his mother:
全能
发表于 2025-3-26 20:41:34
The Political Reformer, determined to transform his disjointed and particularistic dominions into a powerful and unified modern state. He aimed at permanent remedies for weaknesses and inadequacies, not at temporary adjustments that he felt would only relieve immediate disadvantages while prolonging erroneous practices an