新奇
发表于 2025-3-25 05:28:04
ing and is projected to triple at the end of the century. Therefore, the improvement of renewable energy sources and electrochemical energy storage systems is essential. Fuel cells, rechargeable supercapacitors, and lithium-ion batteries are three intriguing contenders in the field of energy and pow
1FAWN
发表于 2025-3-25 10:08:35
Aims, Methods, and Areas of Ethology, as simple as it may seem, and the use of this term in the literature is not consistent. Here is a problem from which ethology has suffered in particular: the difficulty of clear definitions. This is due to the variety of the phenomena studied, which in turn has led to some premature interpretations
镇压
发表于 2025-3-25 15:13:49
Basic Ethological Concepts,pecially true for physiologically oriented investigators. The simplest form of reactive behavior is the .. It is characterized by an especially strong stimulus-response connection. Under the same conditions and in response to the same stimulus the response always occurs in exactly the same manner.
思考才皱眉
发表于 2025-3-25 17:13:17
External Stimuli,nate behavior patterns would become very clear. This emphasis in presentation should not obscure the fact that innate behavior patterns are influenced in various ways by external stimuli and that, in contrast to reflexes, they are triggered, with the exception of vacuum activities, in a very differe
减去
发表于 2025-3-25 21:58:27
Behavioral Physiology,presuppose that somewhere in the organism there should be an integrating mechanism that is capable of ordering and coordinating the various inidvidual behavior elements in some meaningful manner. Principally, there are two steering mechanisms available: the nervous system and hormones. In their coor
荧光
发表于 2025-3-26 02:44:50
Learning,ing requires the acquisition of information with the sense organs, its storage in memory, and recall when needed. Learning processes are known in all classes of animals, from single-celled. animals to vertebrates. They are recognized in general by the changes in behavior that occur in a specific sti
indifferent
发表于 2025-3-26 06:17:22
Social Behavior,arine organisms, which are sessile on the substratum and which disperse their sexual products (eggs and sperm) into the water. However, even here a temporal synchronization by chemical substances can occur between neighbors, and this can be considered a form of social contact. In the overwhelming ma
流利圆滑
发表于 2025-3-26 09:47:19
Behavior Genetics,havior patterns to find answers to genetic questions. They are especially concerned with the difficult question of identifying genes for particular behavior elements. They work almost exclusively with fruit flies, especially ., because the knowledge of the genetic makeup of a species for this kind o
AGONY
发表于 2025-3-26 15:21:26
Phylogenetic Development of Behavior,ife. It led to an increased unfolding of all living things, from simple precursors to the development of more highly organized and specialized forms. This process is called .. Its most important driving forces are mutation and selection. . are discrete “jumps”—changes in the genome. They are random
干涉
发表于 2025-3-26 17:12:49
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