哀求 发表于 2025-3-23 12:29:19

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epicondylitis 发表于 2025-3-23 14:58:40

General Topology,ntieth century, a more general concept of space arouse and has been developed in mathematics: the concept of a topological space. By now, this concept has become universal since the “structure” of a topological space being basic and profound, usually precedes the introduction of other geometric stru

BUMP 发表于 2025-3-23 19:37:12

Homotopy Theory, topology to associate to a topological space a number of algebraic objects, for instance, groups, rings, etc.. The basic idea of algebraic topology is the correspondence (or functor) associating a collection of certain algebraic objects to a collection of topological spaces, and continuous mappings

scrutiny 发表于 2025-3-23 23:22:17

Homology Theory,ioned, goes back to Poincaré. The useful idea of “algebraization” of topological problems was carried out for the first time, by constructing homology groups and fundamental group. Homology theory still remains in a central position. In many cases, topological invariants are finally expressed in ter

SYN 发表于 2025-3-24 05:10:54

future, are digitalization and technology, climate change, and globalization. Political upheaval, wars, natural disasters, economic recessions, and pandemics, have all had massive negative impacts on our society. In this new world, various governmental and organizational decisionmakers – including

Proclaim 发表于 2025-3-24 08:16:03

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Flat-Feet 发表于 2025-3-24 13:01:09

Yuri G. Borisovich,Nikolai M. Bliznyakov,Tatyana N. Fomenko,Yakov A. IzrailevichHer aim on the one hand is to provide a different understanding of the role of time and eternity in both theological and physical discourses; and, on the other, to create a better dialogue between science and theology by way of concrete concepts. She understands time to be both circular and linear,

脊椎动物 发表于 2025-3-24 16:23:39

Yuri G. Borisovich,Nikolai M. Bliznyakov,Tatyana N. Fomenko,Yakov A. Izrailevich eschatological, calls attention to an apparent contradiction, namely, that a radical eschatology with apocalyptic effects as attributed to Jesus is ill-disposed to what Schweitzer also found in Jesus, a “marvelous ethic.” The problem is how the imminent breaking in of eternity may be reconciled wit

Torrid 发表于 2025-3-24 20:55:05

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HIKE 发表于 2025-3-24 23:12:40

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查看完整版本: Titlebook: Introduction to Differential and Algebraic Topology; Yuri G. Borisovich,Nikolai M. Bliznyakov,Yakov A. Book 1995 Springer Science+Busines