征募
发表于 2025-3-21 18:24:07
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枪支
发表于 2025-3-21 23:50:51
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blithe
发表于 2025-3-22 00:45:14
Y. Manzhur,M. J. Prandolini,K. Potzger,A. Weber,W. -D. Zeitz,H. H. Bertschat,M. Dietrichausal decision theory". 1 Decision problems such as Newcombe‘s Problem and some versions of the Prisoner‘s Dilemma where an act counts as evidence for a desired state even though the agent knows his choice of that act cannot causally influence whether or not the state obtains have motivated causal d
光亮
发表于 2025-3-22 07:46:12
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针叶
发表于 2025-3-22 11:09:35
T. Butz,D. Spemann,K. -H. Han,R. Höhne,A. Setzer,P. Esquinazing but a replacement of one dilemma with another: why should it be easier to identify the truth condition of the heuristics, than identifying the truth condition of the relationship between exposure and effect if they were hard-and-fast criteria? We conclude by asking whether genuine medical knowled
嘲笑
发表于 2025-3-22 13:24:48
K. P. Lieb,K. Zhang,G. A. Müller,R. Gupta,P. Schaafbility of . within . background context .., and must not lower the probability of . in any. Although this revision is perhaps more plausible, I will confine my attention to the “always raises” version; the issues relevant to which of the two versions is more plausible are irrelevant to the issues I
Integrate
发表于 2025-3-22 19:49:43
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Peculate
发表于 2025-3-23 00:45:04
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receptors
发表于 2025-3-23 03:50:43
D. K. Avasthimeaning of "cause" is still a matter of controversy, among scientists as well as philosophers. Part of the problem is that the servicable concepts of causation built out of Necessity, Sufficiency, Locality, and Temporal Precedence were constructed for a deterministic world-view which has been obsole
大漩涡
发表于 2025-3-23 06:50:36
Ratnesh Gupta,K. P. Lieb,G. A. Müller,P. Schaaf,K. Zhang can be objectified under certain illuminating conditions. Hence, my final answer is that a causal law is a proposition which can be true or false and has the logical form of a law of succession, and with which a particular inductive behavior (= ranking function) is uniquely associated via the above