Titlebook: Human Blood Groups; Chemical and Biochem Helmut Schenkel-Brunner Book 2000Latest edition Springer-Verlag Wien 2000 Allele.Antigen.biochemis

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ABO(H) System,o classify human individuals into four blood groups depending whether one, both, or neither of these antigenic characters were present on the cells [.,.]. He also recognised that the sera of individuals lacking one or both antigens usually contain anti-. and/or anti-. isoagglutinins (see .

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Lewis System and Antigens Lex and Ley,’ in 1939 (see Race and Sänger [.]). Since that time further characters of the blood group . system have been defined — .{b} [.], .. [.], .. [.], and the embryonal Lewis antigen, .. (originally termed ..) [.]..

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P System,gens . [.] and .. [.,.,.] were discovered and identified as belonging to the . system. Five blood group . phenotypes can be defined according to the presence or absence of these three serological specificities on the erythrocytes, two of which, .., and .., are frequent and three, ..,.. and ., very r

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MNS System,xpanded to include the newly discovered allelic characters S [.},.] and s [.], as well as . [.] (.). In the course of further investigations a large number of low-frequency antigenic characters closely associated with the . system have also been described (.).

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Polyagglutination,human adults, independent of standard blood groups [.,.]. This unusual reactivity is due to the fact that antibodies normally present in human sera bind to secondarily altered erythrocyte membrane antigens.

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Sid and Cad,different tissues and body secretions. In about 96% of humans this specificity is present on erythrocytes and/or in secretions as well; 4% lack .. activity and contain strong anti-.. in their serum [.].

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Rh System,o known as haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). The authors found that a maternal antibody entering the foetal circulation led to destruction of fetal erythrocytes. One year later, Wiener and Peters [.] were able to identify the same antibody in the serum of individuals showing transfusion react

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Kell System, erythrocytes is controlled by two proteins encoded by two independent genes: the . antigens . are produced by alleles of an autosomal gene, ., which has been located on chromosome 7 at position q33-35 distal to the cystic fibrosis locus [.,.,.,.]. The expression of the . antigens on the red cell is

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Titlebook: Human Blood Groups; Chemical and Biochem Helmut Schenkel-Brunner Book 2000Latest edition Springer-Verlag Wien 2000 Allele.Antigen.biochemis

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