Irrigate 发表于 2025-3-25 07:15:43
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K. V. Binisha,Haseena Bhaskar,Sosamma Jacobs monotonically, whereas the timelike position coordinate . = i. needs not, contrary to classical mechanics. The four-dimensional Minkowski space is composed of the three-dimensional space with coordinates . = ., . =., . = . and the imaginary timelike coordinate .,.. The imaginary character of this潜移默化 发表于 2025-3-25 20:19:00
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Introduction, described most appropriately in light-optical terms, which have been es tablished at a time when charged particles were still unknown. The treatment of particle motion by means of optical concepts has been proven extremely useful for the design of beam-guiding systems, the electron microscope in pa白杨鱼 发表于 2025-3-26 07:25:38
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Beam Properties,y by a point in the six-dimensional phase space with coordinates .,.,.,., ., .. Instead of the energy, one uses generally the energy deviation ▵. = . − . or the relative energy deviation . = ▵./ .. If we set ▵. = 0, we can represent the properties of each particle by a point in the five-dimensional