令人心醉
发表于 2025-3-25 06:36:07
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neutrophils
发表于 2025-3-25 11:13:35
Introduction,England had been a part of a wider political unit, of which Normandy was the heartland. By the second half of the twelfth century the king of England held most of western France, from Normandy to the Pyrenees. He ruled what is commonly called the Angevin Empire, though he was, of course, no emperor.
原始
发表于 2025-3-25 14:49:25
Kingship,of a ruler did much to condition the nature of politics in his reign. John, complex, tricky and devious; Henry ., a curious mixture of piety, arrogance and weakness; Edward ., strong, autocratic, at times principled and at times not; Edward ., weak and almost completely lacking in kingly qualities —
Omnipotent
发表于 2025-3-25 16:11:22
The Aristocracy,ntury. The earls of Gloucester, ‘neither of them gifted with genius, try to play a part that genius only could make successful’. ‘Bohun and Bigod, the heroes of 1297, are but degenerate sons of mighty fathers’. He was prepared to allow ‘constructive genius’ to Simon de Montfort, but even so, ‘the gr
向外才掩饰
发表于 2025-3-25 22:44:27
The County Community,ermed the gentry, had their grievances, and played their part in public affairs. The complexity of royal administration in the shires meant that knights were increasingly drawn into public affairs, sitting on juries, assessing and collecting taxes, recruiting troops, maintaining public order and und
曲解
发表于 2025-3-26 02:01:37
The Church,hurch cannot be ignored. It was closely involved in the world of politics. From Innocent . toBoniface . the papacy became more and more enmeshed in the power struggles of kings and nobles. There was not a straightforward clash between the ideologies of church and state in England: churchmen can be f
atrophy
发表于 2025-3-26 04:59:47
Englishmen and Foreigners, Frenchman. Otto de Grandson, perhaps the most loyal of Edward .’s councillors, was from Savoy. The master mason responsible for much of Henry .’s rebuilding of Westminster Abbey, Master Henry of Rheims, was probably French, and had certainly learned his trade in France. The magnificent castles buil
colony
发表于 2025-3-26 10:50:49
Military Service,e major steps on the road to Runnymede and the final crisis of the reign. Had Henry . been successful in his campaigns in France in 1230 and 1242, or achieved more on his Welsh expeditions, he would have faced far fewer problems at home. The crisis of 1297 was very largely the result of the immense
同来核对
发表于 2025-3-26 15:28:10
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–scent
发表于 2025-3-26 19:17:33
Parliament and Community,ely synonymous with ‘community’, was the favoured expression. The Provisions of Oxford of 1258 included an oath to be sworn by the community of England (.). Simon de Montfort’s parliament of 1265 was summoned to discuss matters affecting the community of the realm. The . of 1297 referred to both the