Euthyroid
发表于 2025-3-23 11:12:33
The Gauss Map, ∈ .. Thus, associated to each oriented .-surface . is a smooth map .: . → S.. called the .. . may be thought of as the map which assigns to each point . ∈ . the point in ℝ.. obtained by “translating” the unit normal vector .(.) to the origin (see Figure 6.1).
adduction
发表于 2025-3-23 16:48:55
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PANG
发表于 2025-3-23 19:04:14
Parallel Transport,see Figure 8.1). This process of differentiating and then projecting onto the tangent space to . defines an operation with the same properties as differentiation, except that now differentiation of vector fields tangent to . yields vector fields tangent to .. This operation is called covariant differentiation.
Infelicity
发表于 2025-3-24 01:28:01
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摄取
发表于 2025-3-24 06:22:06
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SMART
发表于 2025-3-24 07:58:12
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废墟
发表于 2025-3-24 12:56:52
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-551-6s and functions may take on different values at a point where a parametrized curve crosses itself, it is convenient to regard these fields and functions to be defined on the parameter interval rather than on the image of the curve.
维持
发表于 2025-3-24 16:00:54
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临时抱佛脚
发表于 2025-3-24 20:53:01
Focal Points,it follows that . that is, the curve . pauses (has velocity zero) at . = .. Geometrically, this says that the normal lines which start along the curve ϕ ∘ α near ϕ(.) = ϕ(α(.)) tend to focus at . = ϕ.(α(.)) = ϕ.(.) (see Figure 16.1). Such points . are called . of ϕ. Note that the normal lines along α need not actually meet at a focal point.
GEM
发表于 2025-3-25 01:39:45
Textbook 1979es. This has been brought about by the introduction of linear algebra into the curriculum at the sophomore level. The advantages of using linear algebra both in the teaching of differential equations and in the teaching of multivariate calculus are by now widely recognized. Several textbooks adoptin