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发表于 2025-3-21 19:52:48
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发表于 2025-3-21 23:12:34
,Parisian Building at the End of the Ancien Régime: The Construction Trades, the Pre-Industrial Markcentury observers of Paris. On the one hand, the dramatic spread of urban ills such as squalid boarding houses and dilapidated garrets were seen as a malignancy on France’s “body politic.” On the other hand, Paris’ “tumor” could not be simply excised without inflicting greater harm. In the face of t
intrigue
发表于 2025-3-22 01:22:07
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吸气
发表于 2025-3-22 08:09:48
,Projecting the Revolution on the Parisian Work Site, 1789–1793, of 1791, the Revolution had simultaneously suppressed and absorbed the infrastructure of the corporations. The guilds’ extensive credit networks were converted into the private wealth of some entrepreneurs, former journeymen and apprentices became contractual labor, and many former guild-masters fo
唤起
发表于 2025-3-22 11:54:24
,The Building Trades of Paris During the Terror and Thermidor, 1793–1795,t dream. The period indeed featured an enormous expansion and centralization of the government’s authority. As an integral part of its wartime effort, the Convention prolonged the state’s reach deep into the economic sphere principally through measures for the mass requisitioning of grain and milita
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发表于 2025-3-22 16:53:37
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浪费物质
发表于 2025-3-22 18:02:05
,Constraining Capital, Containing Labor: State Urban Planning of Paris, 1802–1815, in the realm of construction reinvented . structures, ultimately including a rehabilitation of corporations, as we will see. Simultaneously, the Empire forcefully reinvented and mobilized many of the Revolution’s urban institutions and ideologies to great effect. The very Janus-faced characteristic
免除责任
发表于 2025-3-23 00:50:00
Conclusion and Epilogue,competitive, opportunistic, they were a real deterrent to economic innovation. Thanks to their pernicious influence, the French economy was deeply indebted and excessively attached to traditional artisanal techniques, a closed labor market, and a corrupt ethos of protectionism. As Turgot’s Physiocra
Infusion
发表于 2025-3-23 02:00:06
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Outspoken
发表于 2025-3-23 06:33:36
argues that Paris construction was a core sector in which ‘archaic‘ and ‘innovative‘ practices were symbiotically used by guilds, the state, and enterprises to launch the commercial revolution in France.978-1-137-26434-3978-0-230-24528-0