frustrate 发表于 2025-3-21 19:42:00
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http://reply.papertrans.cn/19/1830/182934/182934_3.pngCardioplegia 发表于 2025-3-22 08:08:14
Margaret Jacob,Catherine Secretan first of all of the Avignon popes, who had ignored their obligation to reside in Rome. It was a failure too of the Romans, whose need for the economic benefits the presence of the pope provided them trumped the obligation of holding an orderly and proper conclave. It was also a consequence of papalLUT 发表于 2025-3-22 12:24:38
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Doris through the French Looking-Glass,d dealt largely with shoring up the Catholic Church’s position against the onslaught of Protestantism. While his successors hardly ignored the fact that much of Europe now professed rival versions of Christianity, they also turned their attention to internal changes in the administration of the Chur妨碍议事 发表于 2025-3-22 22:15:22
In Pursuit of Equity in Educationlected popes who never disgraced their office with their personal failings. On the other hand, popes and cardinals were more eager than ever to enhance the status and wealth of their families by giving them much of the papal patrimony. Urban VIII set the example in this. An observer wrote, “Upon hisIn-Situ 发表于 2025-3-23 03:24:59
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,The Town-Ho’s Story and Other Gams,s and legitimizing democracy in secular politics, the papacy moved away from the fusion of ecclesiastical and secular authority that had been a curse for the Church for a millennium. The pope’s official authority became strictly moral and spiritual, yet the popes after Leo found that papal prestige