百科全书
发表于 2025-3-26 23:24:21
https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2673-0 Klir and Uyttenhove . A hierarchy of epistemological levels of systems emerged as a fundamental conceptual framework to this research. Briefly stated, the lowest level 0 describes systems which are basically defined as sources of observable data. The term . was chosen for these
overbearing
发表于 2025-3-27 04:32:20
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Delude
发表于 2025-3-27 06:12:30
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cutlery
发表于 2025-3-27 10:55:01
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facetious
发表于 2025-3-27 14:19:25
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PON
发表于 2025-3-27 18:04:57
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chastise
发表于 2025-3-28 01:35:58
The Information System Service Layerraisal. We are all engrossed in our own problems within our own subfields of systems studies. Progress for any part need not be progress for the whole. And against what backcloth should overall progress itself be measured?
投票
发表于 2025-3-28 06:07:02
Enterprise Information Systems Engineeringfounded reservation which we occasionally encounter and which is succinctly represented by Bunge’s observation that “...some scientists have misgivings because GST’s have not delivered all the goods promised by their most enthusiastic proponents.”
流逝
发表于 2025-3-28 07:36:31
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laceration
发表于 2025-3-28 13:54:23
Object-Oriented Decision Support Systemstem of variables, the effects of some variables on others are reflected statistically as non-independence of the variables involved. This deviation from independence is indicated by the term “constraint.”