Infraction
发表于 2025-3-26 21:12:18
The Appalachian Coalfield in Historical Context,ologic strata with interbedded seams of coal and serves as headwaters for multiple rivers. The region’s natural ecosystems, with a primary vegetation of mostly deciduous forest, are among the non-tropical world’s most biodiverse. After first humans arrived more than 10,000 years ago, the first Europ
生存环境
发表于 2025-3-27 03:45:19
Environmental Implications of Regional Geology and Coal Mining in the Appalachians,t in the Cambrian through Middle Ordovician. Collision with island arcs in the Late Ordovician and Devonian was followed by collision with Africa at the end of the Paleozoic, resulting in building of the Appalachian Mountains. Sandstones vary in composition from feldspathic to lithic to quartzose, r
Enthralling
发表于 2025-3-27 08:12:02
Coal Mining and Reclamation in Appalachia,worker safety and environmental performance. Reclamation was not practiced in the early days of mining, but laws to regulate mining were enacted and performance standards have been developed since the 1960s. Today, mining operations are heavily regulated and the mining and reclamation processes are
得罪
发表于 2025-3-27 11:23:14
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情感脆弱
发表于 2025-3-27 16:16:04
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Encephalitis
发表于 2025-3-27 18:36:38
Terrestrial Wildlife in the Post-mined Appalachian Landscape: Status and Opportunities, Creation of grassland and early-successional habitats resulting from mining in a forested landscape has resulted in novel, non-analog habitat conditions. Depending on the taxa, the extent of mining on the landscape, and reclamation practices, effects have ranged across a gradient of negative to pos
amygdala
发表于 2025-3-28 01:28:49
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是剥皮
发表于 2025-3-28 04:43:13
Acid Mine Drainage in Appalachia: Sources, Legacy, and Treatment,e drainage (AMD). When watersheds lack sufficient geologic buffering, AMD from surface and underground mines can impair surface waters. Appalachian coalfield AMD is similar to acidic mine waters found worldwide and typically contains elevated acidity; low or no alkalinity; elevated iron, aluminum, m
Outmoded
发表于 2025-3-28 07:52:51
Contaminants in Appalachian Water Resources Generated by Non-acid-forming Coal-Mining Materials,ining in non-acid-forming geologic strata, discusses the spatial distribution of mining impacts on water quality, and describes the contaminants’ biological effects. Appalachian coal mining affects water quality by enabling accelerated mineral weathering and consequent release of dissolved elements;
Immunization
发表于 2025-3-28 13:24:22
Response of Aquatic Life to Coal Mining in Appalachia, however, are threatened by a wide array of anthropogenic stressors, including past and present mining. This chapter reviews impacts of mining on aquatic life in Appalachia, including interactive effects on food web dynamics, effects on ecosystem functional processes, and effects that are manifested