scrape
发表于 2025-3-25 06:02:41
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焦虑
发表于 2025-3-25 09:40:38
Melina Tobías,Soledad Fernández Bouzo in time. Policy changes between colonial and post-colonial regimes first shifted at least some smallholders into more formalized markets, and then back to selling surplus on spot markets. The colonial era can be characterized as extractive; institutions were developed to extract value from Africa a
绝食
发表于 2025-3-25 11:55:23
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Preserve
发表于 2025-3-25 17:57:57
Magdalena Gil,Eduardo A. UndurragaThe type of firms found in each value chain type differs, and farmers may produce for different types of value chains. The evolution process is driven by several factors, including changing relative prices, income and population growth, urbanization, and technological change. These factors create op
残废的火焰
发表于 2025-3-25 20:13:30
Paddy Kinyera,Martin Doevenspecktcomes are largely a result of market conditions that smallholders face. Smallholders lack full property rights over land, and capital markets targeting smallholders are thin, so they may not be able to purchase enough inputs. Inputs are often costly, both because of relatively large distances input
江湖郎中
发表于 2025-3-26 01:06:04
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问到了烧瓶
发表于 2025-3-26 05:16:05
Paddy Kinyera,Martin Doevenspeck in many years prices for major grains fall right after harvest and peak just before the next one. Poor storage can also lead to post-harvest losses. Yet good post-harvest loss measurements are scarce, particularly for vegetables; since information on actual losses is poor, it is difficult to design
Cupping
发表于 2025-3-26 09:34:25
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FLING
发表于 2025-3-26 14:48:12
African Histories and Modernitiesed labor-intensive manufacturing as a driving force to absorb labor, first because there was no competition (the West) and then because productivity-adjusted wages were much lower than other places (East Asia). We first argue this structural transformation is unlikely in Africa, because labor produc
不在灌木丛中
发表于 2025-3-26 20:13:38
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88693-6Agricultural Economics; Development Economics; African Economics; Food Policy; agri-food value chains; Af